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Like English, Turkmen has a great variety of
verb tenses. Verbs in Turkmen are conjugated in plural and singular for first,
second, and third persons. As in Romance languages and Russian, the subject of
a sentence is often not spoken if it is obvious. Following is a selection of
verb tenses and forms. All verbs are conjugated on the model of żazmak, to
write.
Translates to the English Present Simple or Present Progressive
|
Verb Form |
Translation |
Form |
w/ MAK verbs |
MEK verbs |
|
Men żazżaryn |
I write/I am writing. |
stem |
+(żar)yn |
+(żär)in |
|
Sen żazżarysyň |
You write/You are writing |
stem |
+(żar)syň |
+(żär)siň |
|
Ol żazżar |
He writes/He is writing |
stem |
+(żar) |
+(żär) |
|
Biz żazżarys |
We write/We are writing |
stem |
+(żar)ys |
+(żär)is |
|
Siz żazżarsyňyz |
You write/You are writing |
stem |
+(żar)syňyz |
+(żär)siňiz |
|
Olar żazżarlar |
They write/They are writing |
stem |
+(żar)lar |
+(żär)ler |
To form the negative, add -ma or -me after the
stem:
Men żazmażaryn = I am not writing. I don't write.
Men iżmeżärin = I am not eating. I don't eat.
Translates to the English Present Simple or Present Progressive
|
Verb Form |
Translation |
Form |
w/ MAK verbs |
MEK verbs |
|
Men żazżan |
I write/I am writing. |
stem |
+żan |
+żän |
|
Sen żazżaň |
You write/You are writing |
stem |
+żaň |
+żäň |
|
Ol żazżar |
He writes/He is writing |
stem |
+żar |
+żär |
|
Biz żazżas |
We write/We are writing |
stem |
+żas |
+żäs |
|
Siz żazżaňyz |
You write/You are writing |
stem |
+żaňyz |
+żäňiz |
|
Olar żazżarlar |
They write/They are writing |
stem |
+żarlar |
+żärler |
To form the negative, add -ma or -me after the
stem:
Men żazmażan = I am not writing. I don't write.
Men iēmeżän = I am not drinking. I don't drink.
Translates to the English Present Perfect.
|
Verb Form |
Translation |
Form w/ |
MAK verbs |
MEK verbs |
|
Men żazypdyrym |
I have written. |
stem |
+(yp)dyrym |
(ip)dirim |
|
Sen żazypsyň |
You have written. |
stem |
+(yp)syň |
(ip)siň |
|
Ol żazypdyr |
He/she has written. |
stem |
+(yp)dyr |
(ip)dir |
|
Biz żazypdyrys |
We have written. |
stem |
+(yp)dyrys |
(ip)diris |
|
Siz żazypsyňyz |
You have written. |
stem |
+(yp)syňyz |
(ip)siňiz |
|
Olar żazypdyrlar |
They have written. |
stem |
+(yp)dyrlar |
(ip)dirler |
To form the negative, insert -man or -män in
place of the -yp or -ip after the stem in the above endings:
Ol żazmandyr = He/she has not written.
Olar gelmänderler = They have not come.
Translates to the negative English Present Perfect (or to a negative form of a "Habitual Present Tense")*, as such:
|
Verb Form |
Translation |
Form w/ |
MAK verbs |
MEK verbs |
|
Men żazamok |
I have not written. |
stem |
+(a)mok |
+(e)mok |
|
Sen żazaňok |
You haven't written. |
stem |
+(a)ňok |
+(e)ňok |
|
Ol żazanok |
He hasn't written. |
stem |
+(a)nok |
+(e)nok |
|
Biz żazamzok |
We haven't written. |
stem |
+(a)mzok |
+(e)mzok |
|
Siz żazaňzok |
You haven't written. |
stem |
+(a)ňzok |
+(e)ňzok |
|
Olar żazanoklar |
They haven't written. |
stem |
+(a)noklar |
+(e)noklar |
*These forms can also indicate that a certain
activity is generally not performed by the speaker:
Men żazamok = I don't write. (as a habit)
Men ēilim ēekemok = I don't smoke. (as a habit)
Translates to the English Future Simple with the tone of certainty.
|
Verb Form |
Translation |
Form w/ |
MAK verbs |
MEK verbs |
|
Men żazjak |
I will write. |
stem |
+jak |
+jek |
|
Sen żazjak |
You will write. |
stem |
+jak |
+jek |
|
Ol żazjak |
Hewill write. |
stem |
+jak |
+jek |
|
Biz żazjak |
We will write. |
stem |
+jak |
+jek |
|
Siz żazjak |
You will write. |
stem |
+jak |
+jek |
|
Olar żazjak |
They will write. |
stem |
+jak |
+jek |
To form the negative, add -däl after the verb:
Men żazjak däl = I will not write.
Men gitjek däl = I will not go.
Translates to English Future Simple with a tone of probability.
|
Verb Form |
Translation |
Form w/ |
MAK verbs |
MEK verbs |
|
Men żazaryn |
I (probably) will write. |
stem |
+(ar)yn |
+(er)in |
|
Sen żazarsyň |
You (probably) will write. |
stem |
+(ar)syň |
+(er)siň |
|
Ol żazar |
He(probably) will write. |
stem |
+(ar) |
+(er) |
|
Biz żazarys |
We (probably) will write. |
stem |
+(ar)ys |
+(er)is |
|
Siz żazarsyňyz |
You(probably) will write. |
stem |
+(ar)syňyz |
+(er)siňiz |
|
Olar żazarlar |
They (probably) will write. |
stem |
+(ar)lar |
+(er)ler |
To negate, add -m after the stem, except in
the third person, where -maz is used.
Men żazmaryn = I (probably) won't write. Ol żazmaz = He (probably) won't write.
Sen gitmersiń = You (probably) won't go. Olar gitmezler = They (probably) won't
go.
"Note: This Turkmen Grammar is Copyrighted © 1996 Jon Garrett, Meena
Pallipamu, and Greg Lastowka. All rights are reserved. The full dictionary is
available at www.chaihana.com."
Copyright © 1999 - 2004, All Rights Reserved
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